Helpful as always, Microsoft Word will automatically insert em dashes for you--but with an interesting twist. I'll tell you what it is in just a minute. But first, here's how to turn on those automatic dashes if you want to use them:

1. Click the Tools menu.

2. Click "AutoCorrect."

3. Click the tab labeled "AutoFormat As You Type."

4. Under "Replace as you type," put a check in the box labeled "Symbol characters (--) with symbols (--)."

5. Click the OK button.

To see how the feature works:

1. Create a new document and type in a word.

2. After you've typed the word, don't hit the spacebar; instead, type two hyphens in a row.

3. Once again, don't hit the spacebar; instead, type another word.

4. *Now* hit the spacebar.

Wow, your two hyphens have turned into an em dash! What, you already knew you could do that? Okay, here's the interesting twist:

1. Create a new document and type in a word.

2. After you've typed the word, *do* hit the spacebar.

3. Type a single hyphen.

4. Hit the spacebar again.

5. Type another word.

6. Hit the spacebar again.

Wow, your single hyphen has turned into an en dash! What's going on here?

In the world of typography, there are several kinds of dashes, each with a different length. As the Chicago Manual of Style (5.105) notes, "There are en dashes, em dashes, and 2- and 3-em dashes. . . . Each kind of dash has its own uses." Chicago specifies that the em dash should be used to indicate "sudden breaks and abrupt changes" and "amplifying, explanatory, and digressive elements."

Some designers, however, beg to differ. Instead of using an em dash, they use an en dash surrounded by spaces. Robert Bringhurst argues for this in his book The Elements of Typographic Style (p. 80):

"The em dash is the nineteenth-century standard, still prescribed in many editorial style books, but the em dash is too long for use with the best text faces. Like the oversized space between sentences, it belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography. Used as a phrase marker - thus - the en dash is set with a normal word space either side."

In my opinion, Bringhurst is wrong. The whole point of the em dash is to indicate an abrupt change, and a long dash does that better than a short one. That's why Messrs. Garamond, Goudy, and Gill *designed* long dashes for their typefaces, fer cryin' out loud. The shorter en dash surrounded by spaces may look "prettier," but it is also less forceful, and form should follow function. That's my take on it, anyway.

The interesting thing is that Microsoft seems to be trying to accommodate *both* usages. If you type two hyphens in a row, you'll get an em dash. If you type space, hyphen, space, you'll get an en dash with spaces. Chicago or Bringhurst, take your pick. Thanks, Microsoft!

You can learn more about the Chicago Manual of Style here:

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12245.ctl

And you can learn more about The Elements of Typographic Style here:

http://www.typebooks.org/r-elements.htm

Thanks to Steve Hudson for suggesting this topic.

_________________________________________

READERS WRITE

Bill Fosbury wrote:

I saw "Content vs preparation" at:

http://www.planetpublish.com/mainpage.asp?webpageid=231

It talks about the Document Map and the Outline Level.

I have the opposite problem. After saving a Lotus WordPro file as a MS Word file, I opened it in Word and saw lots of unwanted stuff in the Document Map. After spend several hours experimenting I discovered the Outline Level and changed it BACK to "Body text". The item disappeared from the Document Map. Since I had so many to change, I figured out how to write some Visual Basic code to change all of them. That worked fine:

Public Sub RemoveFromDocumentMap()
Dim aParagraph  As Paragraph
For Each aParagraph In ActiveDocument.Paragraphs
aParagraph.Range.ParagraphFormat.OutlineLevel = wdOutlineLevelBodyText
Next
End Sub

BUT, after saving the file and then reopening it, good old Word changed the Outline Level for all those chunks of text BACK to "Level 1".

A few hours later I came to the realization about what I think is happening and now have a solution. Following this path in Help:

Help

Answer Wizard

search: document map

"Troubleshoot working with the document map"

select: "The Document Map doesn't display some or all of the document's headings."

brings one to this key sentence: "If Word can't find any headings formatted with the heading styles or outline levels, it automatically searches the document for paragraphs that look like headings "

My file does NOT contain any headings (yet).

I read that sentence many times but its significance had not set in.

This is what is happening:

* there are no headings in my document

* when my program changes the outline level to "body text" that removes ALL document map candidates.

* everything disappears for the document map

* when I close and reopen the file, that key sentence comes into play

* since there are NO HEADINGS, it searches for candidates, as that sentence says, and it brings back everything that my program had gotten rid of.

I will

* run my program to change the outline level to "body text"

* then add the headings that I want

* the next time I open the file the document map builder will be happy the next time I open the file because I will have some heads and I will therefore not look for candidates.

After reading Bill's message, I responded:

What you've said makes perfect sense. Document Map can't work unless it has something to work with. So if it doesn't, rather than just sit there blank (and leave the user wondering why nothing's happening), it autoformats the document so it *will* have something to work with. Very typical of Microsoft's general "friendliness" that ends up causing problems rather than solving them. A better approach would have been for Word to say something like "Your document has no headings styles that can be displayed in Document Map. Please apply heading styles and try again." Oh, well.

Thanks to Bill for the useful information.

_________________________________________

RESOURCES

The Get It Write tip archive offers this useful advice on using dashes:

http://www.getitwriteonline.com/archive/091502.htm

But it also offers many other articles for writers and editors:

http://www.getitwriteonline.com/archive/tips.htm

Want tips delivered free by email? You can sign up here:

http://www.getitwriteonline.com/signup.cfm

About a year ago, after much back-and-forthing, I finally broke down and bought a Pocket PC--an AudioVox Maestro. Much to my surprise, I loved it, although I was vastly disappointed in the pocket edition of Microsoft Word. Sure, it could open the Word documents I was editing on my desktop computer, but it stripped out such advanced features as footnotes and even styles, dashing my hopes that it could be used for serious editing on the go.

Then, a couple of months ago, I started hearing about a Pocket PC word processor that emulated many of Word's features. Its name was TextMaker, from a company called SoftMaker. I downloaded the trial version, not really expecting it to amount to much. Boy, was I wrong. This program is so impressive I decided I had to tell you about it--not because I have any financial interest in it (I don't) but because it makes an excellent editing system for Microsoft Word documents when you're away from your desktop. (I'm using the program to write this article.)

TextMaker works very much like Word, right down to the red squiggles under misspelled words. Here's a partial list of features:

* paragraph and character styles

* footnotes and endnotes

* find and replace

* multilanguage spell checking

* thesaurus

* indexing

* tables of contents

* headers and footers

* graphics support

* hidden text

* columns

* bookmarks

* symbol characters

* frames

* merge

* tables and sorting

* borders

* automatic hyphenation

TextMaker has all this and more, on a Pocket PC, with the look and feel of Microsoft Word--only smaller! The find and replace feature even includes limited wildcard searching, and it also allows you to search for formatting (including styles) as well as text. Round-tripping between TextMaker and Word on my desktop is flawless except for one thing--TextMaker doesn't do revision tracking (it imports revisions as underline and strikethrough). Ah, well. I guess I can't expect perfection. But TextMaker comes awfully close.

You can learn more about TextMaker here:

http://www.softmaker.de/tmp_en.htm

There are three other programs that really make a Pocket PC worth having. One is Fitaly, which makes entering text a cinch. Use it with the Pocket PC's autocompletion feature and you'll understand how I was able to write this whole article using a stylus. You can learn more about Fitaly here:

http://www.fitaly.com/wince/pocketpcfitaly.htm

Another is Pocket Informant, an information manager. I use it to keep track of publishing schedules and editing tasks, and there's really no similar program that has anywhere near its flexibility and power.

http://www.pocketinformant.com/PocketInformant.php

Finally, there's the free Microsoft Reader that comes with a Pocket PC. When I bought mine, I didn't realize that one benefit would be almost instant, free access to thousands of downloadable books. There are many sources for these, but here are a couple of my favorites:

http://www.blackmask.com/page.php

http://www.bartleby.com/ebook/

Not all books are free, of course, and many nice electronic versions are well worth paying for. Check out the terrific commercial offerings (including my book Total Word Domination) at PocketPCpress:

http://www.pocketpcpress.com/

Note that you can make your own Microsoft Reader books (a nice way to review manuscripts) with a free Microsoft Word add-in that you can download here:

http://www.microsoft.com/reader/downloads/rmr.asp

Have I convinced you yet? If so, you might want to look at the beautiful e750 Pocket PC from Toshiba, which you can learn about here:

http://www.pdabuyersguide.com/toshiba_e750.htm

Don't need that much horsepower (or price)? Maybe you'd like the ViewSonic V35:

http://www.viewsonic.com/products/pocket_pc_pocketpcv35.htm

You can read about and compare lots of Pocket PCs here:

http://www.pdabuyersguide.com/ppc.htm

_________________________________________

RESOURCES

SoftMaker is making a very generous offer to you as a reader of Editorium Update. They're willing to *give* you a complimentary, registered copy of TextMaker for your *desktop* computer (no kidding) so you can see what this wonderful program has to offer. It has all the features of the Pocket PC version, as described above, with a current retail price of $49.95, but you'll get it at no charge and with no strings attached. This is a *great* word processor, powerful and light on its feet, and it's extremely compatible with Microsoft Word. Better get it while you can. You can learn more here:

http://www.softmaker.de/freetm.htm

Want to tell your friends? It's okay to do so, but I'd appreciate the courtesy of letting them know about Editorium Update rather than just sending them the URL above. After all, SoftMaker made their offer specifically to readers of Editorium Update. So why not help your friends become readers? Then they can take advantage of this offer too! Signing up for the newsletter is easy. Just send a blank email message to editorium-subscribe [at symbol] topica.com. Thanks for your consideration and support.

Most Microsoft Word users who need to use bold or italic just press CTRL + B or CTRL + I and go blithely on their way, not thinking any more about it. But at some point, they'll run into problems. For example, their directly applied formatting may disappear when they apply a paragraph style over the top of it. You can read more about this here:

http://www.topica.com/lists/editorium/read/message.html?mid=1709281006

Another example is that sometimes directly applied formatting simply refuses to be found with Word's Find feature. I don't know why that is, but I've seen it time after time.

The solution to such problems is to avoid using directly applied character formatting entirely. Instead, use character *styles* formatted as bold or italic. Unfortunately, doing so isn't nearly as easy as using plain old character formatting--until now. I'm providing a macro that will create the character style you need and then toggle between bold and roman, italic and roman, or other formatting using Word's built-in keyboard shortcuts and toolbar buttons. Pretty slick! Here's the macro for italic:

'THE MACRO STARTS HERE
Dim Found, myStyle
Found = False
For Each myStyle In ActiveDocument.Styles
If myStyle.NameLocal = "Italic" Then
Found = True
Exit For
End If
Next
If Found = False Then
ActiveDocument.Styles.Add _
Name:="Italic", _
Type:=wdStyleTypeCharacter
ActiveDocument.Styles("Italic").BaseStyle = _
"Default Paragraph Font"
ActiveDocument.Styles("Italic").Font.Italic = True
End If
mySel = Selection.Font.Italic
If mySel = wdUndefined Or mySel = False Then
Selection.Style = "Italic"
Else
Selection.Style = "Default Paragraph Font"
End If
'THE MACRO ENDS HERE

If you don't know how to use macros like that one, you can learn how here.

The first part of the macro (from "For Each" to "Next") checks to see if the character style (in this case named "Italic") already exists. If it does, the macro leaves it alone, which means you can create and format your character styles any way you like so they will work with this macro. If the character style *doesn't* exist, the macro creates it with the appropriate formatting (in this case, italic--note the line that says "ActiveDocument.Styles("Italic").Font.Italic = True").

The second part of the macro checks to see if any part of the selection (which may be selected text or simply the text at the cursor position) is already formatted as italic. If it's not (or if part of it is), the macro applies the Italic character style. If the selection is already italic, the macro applies the Default Paragraph Font to make the selection roman.

You've probably already figured out that you can modify the macro to take care of bold, underlining, or other kinds of formatting. To do so, you'll need to change "Italic" to "Bold" (or whatever) wherever it appears in these six lines of the macro:

If myStyle.NameLocal = "Italic" Then

Name:="Italic", _

ActiveDocument.Styles("Italic").BaseStyle = _

ActiveDocument.Styles("Italic").Font.Italic = True

mySel = Selection.Font.Italic

Selection.Style = "Italic"

Note that in the following line, you'll have to change it twice:

ActiveDocument.Styles("Italic").Font.Italic = True

In making your changes, you can use Bold, Italic, Underline, SmallCaps, AllCaps, Superscript, Subscript, Strikethrough, Hidden, Outline, or Shadow. (A few other formats are also available; if you're interested, see the "Properties" listing for "Font Object" in Word's Visual Basic Help file.)

There's one more line you might be interested in modifying:

"Default Paragraph Font"

You can change this line to the name of an actual font you want to use (for example, "Baskerville"). This is useful if you want to specify the name of a true italic font to provide italic formatting or to get fancy in other ways.

To get the macro to work when you press one of Word's built-in keyboard commands (such as CTRL + I) or toolbar buttons, simply give the macro the same name as the Word command. For example, if you name the macro "Italic," like this--

Sub Italic()

--then Word will happily treat it just as if it were the built-in Italic command! For your convenience, the names of Word's built-in character formatting commands are Bold, Italic, Underline, SmallCaps, AllCaps, Superscript, Subscript, Strikethrough, Hidden, Outline, and Shadow.

After you've used the macro to apply formatting to some text, you'll see the name of the character style (such as "Italic") in the Styles list on the Formatting toolbar.

Here's an equivalent macro for Word 6 or 95; notice that the formatting is set with "1" or "-1" in case you want to change it:

'THE MACRO STARTS HERE
If StyleDesc$("Italic") = "" Then
FormatStyle .Name = "Italic", 
.BasedOn = "Default Paragraph Font", 
.Type = 1, .AddToTemplate = 0, .Define
FormatDefineStyleFont 
.Bold = - 1, 
.Italic = 1, 
.Underline = - 1, 
.SmallCaps = - 1, 
.AllCaps = - 1, 
.Superscript = - 1, 
.Subscript = - 1, 
.Strikethrough = - 1, 
.Hidden = - 1, 
.Outline = - 1, 
.Shadow = - 1, 
.Font = "(normal text)"
End If
If Italic() <> 1 Then
Style "Italic"
Else
Style "Default Paragraph Font"
End If
'THE MACRO ENDS HERE

Thanks to Steve Hudson for VBA advice.

_________________________________________

READERS WRITE

Susan Bullowa wrote:

If you have the Styles and Formatting Task Pane open In Word 2002 and you hover the arrow cursor over the paragraph mark to the right of the style name, the tool tip with all of the style's attributes appears. I find the tool tip information useful because it usually displays more detail than the listing of attributes in the Modify Styles dialog box. When the tool tip appears and I want to record the information, I press the Print Scr button and paste the picture into Paint. In that way, I can print the information for myself while I build my spreadsheet of style attributes.

Thanks to Susan for the useful tip.

_________________________________________

RESOURCES

Want to learn more about using styles? Check out Microsoft's "Tips for Understanding Styles in Word":

http://www.microsoft.com/office/using/column14.asp

Several readers have written to complain about Microsoft's "enhancements" of various features in Word 2002. Most notably, the Comments and Revision Tracking features are broken. I've written about these here:

http://www.topica.com/lists/editorium/read/message.html?mid=1710381892

http://www.topica.com/lists/editorium/read/message.html?mid=1711737396

Reader Ned Humphrey suggested starting a campaign to get Microsoft to reverse itself on such "disimprovements," which I thought was a great idea. So gentle reader, if you're so inclined, I'd like to enlist your help in asking Microsoft to change Comments and Revision Tracking back to the way they worked in Word 2000--or at least to give us the option of having them work the old way. Are you with me? ARE YOU WITH ME? (Sorry, I got a little carried away there.)

If you are, or if you have any other suggestions you'd like to give to Microsoft, you can do so here:

http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=fh;[ln];feedback

Microsoft is asking for feedback, and I say we should give it to them. Please take a minute to click on the link above and send Microsoft your ideas. If we all work together, we should be able to help make a great word processor even better. And if you've ever wondered how to go about giving feedback to Microsoft, now you know how. Thanks for your help.

_________________________________________

READERS WRITE

Hilary Powers sent a correction to her serial comma macro that appeared in last week's newsletter. She wrote:

Everybody needs an editor. Turns out there's a mistake in my macro as presented--it won't ignore "andiron" at all. It needs to look like this instead:

'THE MACRO STARTS HERE
'Serial Macro
'Macro written 02/27/03 by Hilary Powers; updated 3/12
'
Selection.Find.ClearFormatting
With Selection.Find
.text = "and"
' REMOVED LEADING SPACE IN SEARCH STRING
.MatchCase = True
.MatchWholeWord = True
End With
Selection.Find.Execute
Selection.MoveLeft Unit:=wdCharacter, Count:=2
' BACK UP TWO SPACES BEHIND SEARCH STRING TO MAKE UP FOR DELETED SPACE
Selection.TypeText text:=","
'THE MACRO ENDS HERE

I didn't spot the problem until I contemplated the version in the newsletter and started wondering how it can find "whole words" on a string containing a space. I wrote that bit in rather than recording it, and the macro works without complaint--but it turns out that the string simply overrides that provision. So everything's fine as long as the next "and" string really is a whole word, but if it's not--a rare but possible thing--you get a comma there anyway.

If you don't know how to use macros like the one sent by Hilary, you can learn how here.

___________________________

Marty Spitzenberger sent in a way to insert serial commas using a wildcard Find and Replace. He wrote:

Type "([!,]) and>" (without the quotes) in the Find what field, and "1, and" in the Replace with field. Check the "Use Wildcards" box. Do Find Next. If the found text needs a comma, then do Replace. Since another Find Next is automatically performed after the Replace, exit the dialog box and do to return to the point of text replacement so the manual review can continue. This sequence can be recorded and saved as a macro.

The Find What text above translates to the following: find a group of one character that is not a comma, followed by one space character, followed by "and", which is the end of the word. This approach avoids a match to something like "black andirons."

Obviously, this will still find "Jack and Jill", which doesn't need a comma, but then so does last week's macro. This approach does avoid the extra steps in the macro of moving the cursor to the end of the previous word to insert the comma. The Replace With text translates to: replace the selection with the found group/character that wasn't a comma, then a comma followed by a space character and "and".

An improved search string would find sentences with a serial comma error in the form "I like a, b and c." This wildcard Find What string is:

(, [!.,:!?^013]@) and>

This search string finds the following sequence of characters:

a comma,

a space,

one or more characters that do not include period, comma, colon, exclamation mark, question mark, or paragraph mark

a space,

"and", which is the end of the word

The appropriate Replace With string is unchanged:

1, and

The search string limits the found text to appearing within one sentence of one paragraph, where the sentence contains a comma and then some other text without a comma immediately before " and". This way the search string avoids finding sentences in the form of "I like a and b." While it will incorrectly find sentences in the form of "Sadly, I like a and b.", it is still an improvement.

Another frequent task that can be simplified through wildcard search and replace is the deletion of extra paragraph marks inserted when a word-wrapped paragraph is converted to plain text. For example, my email as attached to your reply now has "> " at the beginning of each line and a paragraph mark at the end of each, with many short lines. Although transforming this text back into nice, word-wrapped paragraphs takes several steps, it is still quicker than doing each replacement manually:

1. Obviously, copy the desired text into a new word document.

2. Remove all of the "> " at the beginning of each line with this:

Find What: ^p>^032

(You can use a space character in place of the ^032 used here and elsewhere. I'm using ^032 to ensure that you enter a space.)

Replace With: ^p

Disable "Use wildcards"

Do Replace All

Note: The ^p at the beginning of the Find What is needed to avoid deleting a "> " string contained within paragraph text, which occurs here in the text representing key labels.

3. Review the text to ensure that there is a tab character starting each paragraph or a blank paragraph following each desired paragraph. Add any that are missing.

Note: Replacements in steps 4 and 5 are done to replace the paragraph mark with a space if a space isn't already before or after the para mark. The Find string also avoids replacing the paragraph mark if it is followed by a tab, under the assumption that this is an indented paragraph or a bullet.

4. Find What: ([!^013^032])^013([!^013^t^032])

Replace With: 1^0322

Check "Use wildcards"

Do Replace All

5. Find What: ([!^013])^013([!^013^t])

Replace With: 12

Check "Use wildcards"

Do Replace All

___________________________

Linda Duguay wrote:

I was recently faced with a request to create a macro to get rid of multiple blank lines in a document. This could happen when a document comes in as a text file or during a merge etc. I brought out my trusty book, Total Word Domination, that you wrote and went to work on the problem using wildcards.

A caveat in this case: there were blank lines between paragraphs (it was a text file so no paragraph spacing) and we wanted to delete them (the first Find command). But we didn't want to delete the actual carriage return at the end of the paragraph, so we searched for two carriage returns and replaced them with one. With all of the double carriage returns out of the picture, we could now search for all occurrences of three or more carriage returns and delete those (the second Find command). It was very fast and did the job. We had over 1,000 pages reduced to 1 page in seconds.

In the case where you want two carriage returns to separate paragraphs, you can either not use the first Find routine or using a message box to ask if this is wanted.

Here is what I came up with:

'THE MACRO STARTS HERE
Dim myRange As Range
ActiveDocument.Bookmarks.Add Name:="TempDBP", Range:=Selection.Range
Selection.Find.ClearFormatting
Selection.Find.Replacement.ClearFormatting
With Selection.Find
.Text = "^13{2}"
.Replacement.Text = "^13"
.Forward = True
.Wrap = wdFindContinue
.Format = False
.MatchCase = False
.MatchWholeWord = False
.MatchAllWordForms = False
.MatchSoundsLike = False
.MatchWildcards = True
End With
Selection.Find.Execute Replace:=wdReplaceAll
Selection.HomeKey Unit:=wdStory
With Selection.Find
.Text = "^13{2,}"
.Replacement.Text = ""
.Forward = True
End With
Selection.Find.Execute Replace:=wdReplaceAll
With ActiveDocument.Bookmarks("TempDBP")
.Select
.Delete
End With
'THE MACRO ENDS HERE

___________________________

From: Phil Rabichow [mailto:phrab@earthlink.net]

The last issue of Editorium pointed out that you can search for ^013 when you're looking for a paragraph mark. You can also use ^13 (just one keystroke less, I know). Anyhow, here is a list of Find/Replace codes:

These you can use when you don't use wildcards:

^p Paragraph mark

^t Tab character

^a Annotation (comment) mark

^0nnn ANSI (4 digit) or ASCII (3 digit) characters, where nnn is the character code

^? Any character

^# Any digit

^$ Any letter

^^ Caret character

^c Clipboard contents

^& Contents of the Find What box

^e Endnote mark

^d Field

^f Footnote mark

^g Graphic

BREAKS

^n Column break

^l Line break

^m Manual page break

^b Section break

HYPHENS AND SPACES

^+ Em dash

^= En dash

^s Nonbreaking space

^~ Nonbreaking hyphen

^- Optional hyphen

^w White space

Here is a list that you can use in Find when using wildcards:

^1 Picture (Except pictures with Float Over Text property, Word 98

Macintosh Edition)

^2 Auto-referenced footnotes

^5 Comment mark

^9 Tab

^11 New line

^12 Page OR section break

^13 Carriage return

^14 Column break

^19 Opening field brace (when the field braces are visible)

^21 Closing field brace (when the field braces are visible)

^? Word 6.x and later: Any single character (not valid in the Replace

box)

^- Optional hyphen

^~ Non-breaking hyphen

^^ Caret character

^# Any digit (Word 6.x and later)

^$ Any letter (Word 6.x and later)

^& Contents of Find What box (Replace box only) (Word 6.x and later)

^+ Em Dash (not valid in the Replace box) (Word 6.x and later)

^= En Dash (not valid in the Replace box) (Word 6.x and later)

^u8195 Em Space Unicode character value search (not valid in the

Replace box)

^u8194 En Space Unicode character value search (not valid in the

Replace box)

^a Comment (not valid in the Replace box) (Word 6.x - Word 7.0)

^b Section Break (not valid in the Replace box) (Word 6.x and later)

^c Replace with Clipboard contents (Replace box only)

^d Field(Word 6.x and later)

^e Endnote Mark (not valid in the Replace box) (Word 6.x and later)

^f Footnote Mark (not valid in the Replace box) (Word 6.x and later)

^g Graphic(Word 6.x and later)

^l New line

^m Manual Page Break (Word 6.x and later)

^n Column break (Word 6.x and later)

^t Tab

^p Paragraph mark

^s Non-breaking space

^w White space (space, non-breaking space, tab; not valid in the

Replace box)

^nnn Where "n" is an ASCII character number

^0nnn Same as above, but uses ANSI characters (ALT+nnn PC only)

^unnnn Word 97 Unicode character search where "n" is a decimal number corresponding to the Unicode character value.

Thanks to one and all for their useful suggestions.

_________________________________________

RESOURCES

If you haven't yet signed up for Allen Wyatt's wonderful WordTips newsletter, you're missing some of the best tips and tricks around. The perfect complement to Editorium Update, WordTips provides a weekly helping of quick, helpful hints for beginners and experts alike. You can learn more and sign up here:

http://www.vitalnews.com/wordtips/